Estudio del consumo de alcohol en el alumnado de la Universidad de Huelvacausas, riesgos y prevención

Resumo

Throughout history, alcoholic beverages have been present in virtually all cultures and have been consumed for different purposes. In addition to its physical properties (such as psychoactive substances can alter mood, as liquids, capable of quenching thirst, etc�), Alcoholic beverages involve a set of symbolic meanings, positive and negative. In some societies, such as Western social consumption of alcohol is often associated with the celebration, in various cultures can be a symbol of inclusion or exclusion in certain social groups. Moreover, among this wide range of positive symbols associated with the consumption of alcohol, is common in almost every culture that consumer abuse involves a negative social stigma: among a group of people suffering from various health disorders , one visibly intoxicated person is considered one of the worst, according to studies by the World Health Organization (Ustün, 2001). Alcohol consumption, in its social and cultural aspect can be understood as the space between two extremes: the pleasure produced by moderate and balanced consumption associated with social relationships, family events, etc.., and individual and collective suffering, which produces its abuse (Peele y Grant, 1999). We are, therefore, to a widespread consumer product, with strong social connotations (positive and negative), whose abusive or inappropriate consumption has negative effects for the person who consumes it to other people and, in general, society. From this social perspective on alcohol, avoid the abuse and its negative impact on health has become not only the goal of national and international health institutions, but in terms of sustainability of the sector. A sample of the need for cooperation and collaboration between different types of institutions, including companies producing sector is the document signed in May 1997, known as The Dublin Principles result of an initiative launched by the National College of Industrial Dublin Relations and the International Center for Alcohol Policies (ICAP). The document is intended to be a collaboration agreement and a statement of intent between different groups and institutions from different fields: scientists, industry executives, government officials, public health experts and individuals and non- governmental organizations. In the preamble of the Dublin Principles (1997), clearly expresses the need to establish frameworks for collaboration between the different actors involved: The common good of society requires all members to take a reasonable share of social responsibility. In areas related to alcohol consumption, individuals and societies in which they live need to make informed choices. In order to promote awareness about alcohol and prevent its misuse, governments, alcohol industry, scientific researchers and the public health community have a shared responsibility to work together as stated in these principles. Ultimately, responsible alcohol consumption is at the heart of corporate responsibility in this sector, generating the need to establish a dialogue with all stakeholders involved: public administrations, educational institutions, NGOs, health authorities, consumer associations and distributors (hotels and establishments selling food and drinks). It also implies the challenge and meet the recommendations and expectations of various social partners. Alcohol consumption is associated with a variety of beneficial and adverse consequences for health and society that affect both the individual and society. Governments, intergovernmental organizations, the public health community and members of the alcohol industry considered individually and in cooperation with others should take appropriate measures to combat irresponsible drinking and thereby inciting drinking. These measures could include research, education and support programs that address alcohol-related problems. Following the Dublin principles, the alcohol industry, governments and NGOs should support independent scientific research that contributes to a better understanding of the use , misuse, effects and properties of alcohol and the relationships between alcohol, health and society and also scientific and academic communities should adhere to the highest professional standards, scientific and ethical in conducting and disseminating research related to alcohol regardless of their funding source ( Dublin Principles , 1997). Inevitably pose as a preliminary question which is responsible alcohol consumption, an issue on which there is widespread agreement. To center the terms of debate and perspective adopted in this paper, we start from the idea that what makes it possible to talk about responsible consumption of alcohol in the case is that, under certain assumptions (of quantity, consumer health and other external circumstances), its use does not involve a serious risk to consumer health. In other words, there is a gradation or classification of the types of use by different criteria, which separate the harmful use of low-risk drinking. The Report of the Commission on Alcohol Clinic, Ministry of Health establishes two types of criteria for classifying alcohol: epidemiological criteria and clinical criteria. Regarding the epidemiological criteria, in general, low-risk drinking is defined as consumption pattern which may involve a high risk of future damage to physical or mental health, but that does not translate into current medical or psychiatric problems. The review of different studies can confirm that there has been only one criterion to be agreed internationally to establish the limit beyond which consumption is considered risky drinking. But risk drinking is considered a person who consumes a lot of alcohol in a short time, that is to say, five or more alcoholic drinks that may involve more than 8 UBES (four combined, or four glasses of beer and two combined, for example). The classification from the clinical point of view does not depend on the amount or frequency of drinking, but the clinical manifestations that alcohol causes to the individual criteria for handling itself: non-problematic drinking, problematic drinking and harmful drinking. According to the White Paper responsible alcohol consumption in Spain (2009), many of the programs, especially at the community level, have no theoretical framework. Most brochures are specific or isolated activities, but include a number of programs, reduced still concerned about the methodological rigor and start to be a reference for many others. The theoretical framework implicitly assumes a direct relationship between information and prevention. Often mixing two theoretical approaches: the transmission of information about the substance abuse, and information on alternative activities, both as variables that prevent abuse. In basically informative programs are assumed implicitly postulates of the Theory of Reasoned Action, while incorporating elements of Social Learning Theory. Alcoholic beverages are in our age as one factor of acculturation (Daumer, 1985; Santo Domingo, 1990). The twentieth century culture has added universal character of alcohol consumption and related problems. And it is not in other non-European cultures, alcohol has not been used on a regular throughout history, all cultures at all times in history have obtained solutions with those fermented vegetable products were more available (Braudel, 1979), but rather it is a new wave of universal alcoholization, ultimately promoted by commercial interests. In Spain the concentration of youth groups in certain open spaces in order to consume alcohol has become a social phenomenon, called bottle (Clinical Committee, 2007; Oteo, 2009). However, where alcohol is socially accepted and integrated into family life in Mediterranean countries such as France, Spain and Italy (Engels and Knibbe, 2000), young people show lower levels of alcohol consumption and binge shaped anti-social behavior related to alcohol than their northern counterparts, such as the UK and the Scandinavian countries (Gabhain and François, 2000; Hibell et al. 2004). In recent years, the growing and harmful alcohol consumption along with its negative health consequences has received international attention as an issue that requires immediate action. At the 63rd World Health Assembly, requires States to develop, implement and evaluate effective strategies and programs to reduce the negative health and social consequences of harmful use of alcohol (WHO, 2010). Another change in youth consumption patterns is the existence of poly (use of several substances at once) linked to leisure and fun situations (Martin, 2002; Oteo, 2009; National Drug Plan, 2009). Our research topic arose from the initial approach, the hypothesis, which advocates responsible consumption of alcohol in the students of the University of Huelva. The study is based on previous research which analyzed the behavior of health risk in Higher Education. Deepened knowledge of habits in drug use and addiction to new technology in all its forms and in situations of risk to health in all matters relating to practices having an impact on sexually transmitted diseases. Once analyzed the data, it was found that it was necessary to do some research on the causes that lead the students of the University of Huelva to alcohol consumption, the risk that consumption, uncontrolled, they can harm and urgency of offering courses, activities and workshops to raise awareness among university students in danger of not responsible consumption of alcoholic beverages. A pilot test was applied to evaluate the questionnaire as a useful technique for assessing the validity and reliability developed ad hoc, that is to say, was made specifically for this research and therefore not generalizable or usable for other purposes. With the validity is determined review of the presentation of the content, the contrast of the indicators with the items (questions) that measure the relevant variables. Validity is estimated as the fact that a test is so designed, developed and applied to measure what it purports to measure. To approach the validation of this work we adopt the typology proposed by Maxwell and Stake (2006 ) posed five types of validity that may be associated with some stages of our research: 1. Descriptive validity. Means which is related to the initial stage of research. Usually involves the collection of data. The main result is information that describes what was observed and experienced. This is very important as the selection of language as relevant data. 2. Interpretive validity. The accurate interpretation applies if you can confirm or recognize the findings of research in particular. 3. Theoretical validity. The theoretical validity is a more abstract descriptive and interpretive validity, related to the mental and physical immediacy of the studied phenomenon. And theoretical constructs defined intrinsically collecting and interpreting data in the initial stage of research. 4. Majority. This type of validity refers to the extent to which the explanation is accepted to be generalizable. 5. Evaluative validity. It refers to the application of an evaluation framework. The assessment cannot be considered a conclusive statement. In this research, we use a scientific text in order to prepare an argumentative structure of contents in an explicit and clear, appropriate and fruitful. The texts include, or at least indicate, a clear indication of the points at issue, so that takes the responsibility to state the point argumentative support demand. It also allows making a proposal that relies on a feasible plan of action-oriented problem solving. In developing the research design, one of the issues we care was concerning the validity, looking with that article that the project had the inescapable quality. In implementing the quantitative methodological procedure was applied satisfaction questionnaire revised and edited by experts from the University of Huelva, students who were not part of the sample, but that had the same characteristics of the study subjects. To find the reliability coefficient proceeded as follows : - Apply the pilot to a group of subjects from the study sample, with equivalent characteristics to it. The group belonged to a class of second-year master�s degree Elementary Education. - Values were interpreted taking into account the scale of the questionnaire, as well as its dimensions and variables. - The data were fed into a computer program for analysis, therefore, our research in the study of this analysis, the results showed that the questionnaire was applicable, that students understood the items and that the content of the questions was to the height of the problem and study objectives. We note that the methodology is logical and systematic study of the principles that guide social research. Involves claims about the world, as an object-method claim and determine. Therefore, the method narrows and defines what is relevant to the knowledge and reflection on the research design and helps to define the process, that is to say, the way in which we have studied the issue. It also allows us to obtain information through the collection of data and finally check whether they have achieved the objectives. The design intent was to ensure that research reaches high levels of internal consistency and integrity so that the design of our research work represents combinatorial tactical and strategic elements of the process or in other words what defines our research methodology. The overall structure of the research we have proposed based on the relationship between the variables of the research and the application of scientific method to enable addressing the phenomenon or problem defined in the investigation. In doing the research function has been to define a clear outline of the method of approach to research objects in the order that they were translated and a logic of its purpose, that is to say, a methodological framework. The stages of the research process were as follows: the first is the development of the research project , a stage that corresponds to the planning phase of the overall investigation , the latter constitute the collection and analysis of data , corresponding to the stage of completion of the investigation and, finally , the third refers to the communication of results through the report . At the first stage, for the planning of the research, we analyze whether there were previous thesis trying our subject. To this query the database of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports REDINET Theseus and others like it is an automated documentation system , focusing on educational information; also investigated on magazine articles that talk about the subject of this work, books, book chapters, web pages and ultimately, we examined Dialnet database that allows search and retrieval of articles, working papers, collective monographs, book chapters, papers and conference papers, theses, book reviews and we put knowledge of other thematic databases like MathSciNet , Zentralblatt Math, RePEc, and the catalog of the National Library of Spain . At the second stage, we perform data collection, using the instrument as the questionnaire survey and supplemented by subsequent interpretation of these data. At the third stage, we drafted the findings with a detailed explanation of the implications of this scientific field, possible future research and the limitations we have encountered when conducting our study. In the area of research phases describe these steps in detail. Our research in the study of alcohol use among students in the University of Huelva and we encountered new questions and awareness of the need for a study that would answer all the questions that were never studied in this University southwest of Spain. The research model has been through the application of quantitative methodology and information for this study a questionnaire was developed ab hoc, that is to say, a questionnaire specifically for this research, structured as an instrument which collected large amount of data such as attitudes , interests, opinions , knowledge, behavior and classification data on measures of demographic and socio-economic. The collection of information through the survey was conducted with the cooperation of the individuals surveyed expressed. Therefore, the survey is a procedure used in research for information using questions to a sample of individuals representative of the population or universe so that the conclusions drawn can be generalized to the whole population following the basic principles of inference statistics, since the survey is based on the inductive method, that is to say, from a sufficient number of data we can draw conclusions overall. Besides taking into account the references of different authors who address this issue. The research is divided into six sections each of which will have a particular function : I. Theoretical framework. II. Design and development of research. III. Analysis of results. IV. Conclusion. V. References. VI. Annexes. The theoretical analysis of the research problem we will provide a more scientific and thoughtful designs based on different authors who have investigated this problem in different contexts and have led to the spread of an emerging reality among young people. To understand a process, the theoretical assumption should be linked to the practice who shall give us an answer about the object of study of interest. The section dedicated to the design and development of research, corresponds to the structure of the research: research justification, importance and research design, structure, stages of the study process , methodology, concerns and questions , aims and objectives, the method used , the sample, data collection techniques, instrument used in the research: the questionnaire. The section that gives us the data to analyze it corresponds with the analysis of the last results obtained through the instrument used in the research. This analysis leads to the conclusions of the investigation, to the limitations found in the whole process, improvement proposals and suggestions for future research. References are bring that underpin our research. Will contribute to the enrichment of working with any additional information in the Annex, which corresponds to section VI