Libertad de prensa y energía política en la Areopagítica de John Milton
ISSN: 1885-589X
Year of publication: 2008
Issue: 3
Pages: 213-238
Type: Article
More publications in: Revista internacional de pensamiento político
Abstract
The famous tract John Milton wrote by the title of Areopagitica in defence of the freedom of the press in 1644 is widely considered the foundational essay of the free debate tradition and the genesis of the most wielded argument in the modern formation process of the freedom of speech: the celebrated "open encounter" between truth and falsehood, the well-known argument of the search of truth as a vehicle to enjoy freedom. However, Milton essentially advocated in the Areopagitica an open and dynamic conception of the freedom of expression as vehicle to encourage and as a channelling device of the political and social energy. Indeed, the defence of the freedom of the press that Milton delineates in the areopagitical essay integrates a comprehensive concept of liberty: individual and collective, private and public, open and dynamic, since for the Miltonian conception the free and rational exercise of the freedom of speech is the foundation of both the political energy and the conquest of social progress; thus, political and social dynamism constitutes the fundamental postulate of Milton's Areopagitica
Bibliographic References
- The Complete Prose Works of John Milton, Don M. Wolfe (General Editor), 8 vols., Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1953-1982, vol. II
- John Milton. Areopagítica, traducción y prólogo de José Carner, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Buenos Aires, 1976
- John Milton. Areopagítica, Juan C. Catalán (trad.), Torre de Goyanes, Madrid, 1999.
- SALDAÑA DÍAZ, M. N., “«A Legacy of Suppression»: Del control de la información y opinión en la Inglaterra de los siglos XVI y XVII”, en Derecho y Conocimiento. Anuario Jurídico sobre la Sociedad de la Información y del Conocimiento, vol. 2, págs. 175-211
- SALDAÑA DÍAZ, M. N., “En defensa de la libertad de prensa: la Areopagítica de John Milton”, Revista de Estudios Políticos, núm. 125, 2004, págs. 277-324.
- Cato’s Letters: Or, Essays on Liberty, Civil and Religious, and Other Important Subjects
- SALDAÑA DÍAZ, M. N., “«A Legacy of Suppression»: Del control de la información y opinión en la América colonial y prerrevolucionaria. La Emergencia de la libertad de prensa”, en Derecho y Conocimiento. Anuario Jurídico sobre la Sociedad de la Información y del Conocimiento, vol. 3, 2004- 2005
- LEVY, Leonard W. (ed.), Freedom of the Press, From Zenger to Jefferson
- RUTHERFURD, Livingston, John Peter Zenger, His Press, His Trial and a Bibliography of Zenger Imprints. Also a Reprint of the Edition of the Trial, Dodd Mead, New York, 1904.
- SENSABAUGH, George F., Milton in Early America, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1964
- SALDAÑA DÍAZ, M. N., “Teoría política de John Milton (II): Presencia e influencia en la América colonial y revolucionaria”, Historia Constitucional, Revista Electrónica, vol. 4, 2003,http:// hc.rediris.es/04/Numero04.html
- JEFFERSON, Thomas, Proyecto de Ley sobre Libertad Religiosa, en Thomas Jefferson. Autobiografía y otros escritos, estudio prelimiar y edición de Adrienne Koch y William Peden, traducción de Antonio Escochotado y Manuel Sáez de Heredia, Tecnos, Madrid, 1987
- CHAFEE, Zechariah, Free Speech in the United States, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachussetts, 1942
- LEEPER, Roy V., “Estrange Bedfellows: John Milton and Karl Marx on Censorship”, Free Speech Yearbook, vol. 34, 1996, págs. 24-40
- MILTON, John, The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, en Complete Prose Works of John Milton., vol. III
- SALDAÑA DÍAZ, M. N, “El Poeta de la Revolución Puritana: Teoría Política de John Milton”, en Historia Constitucional, Revista Electrónica, núm. 2, junio, 2001, http:// hc.rediris.es/dos/indice.html
- DUNNING, William A., A History of Political Theories from Luther to Montesquieu, Macmillan, London, 1928
- HIMY, Armand, “Paradise Lost as a Republican ‘Tractatus Theologico-Politicus’”, en Milton and Republicanism, David Armitage, Armand Himy y Quentin Skinner (eds.), Cambridge University
- DOWLING, Paul M., Polite Wisdom: Heathen Rhetoric in Milton’s Areopagitica, Rowman & Litttlefield Publishers, Boston, 1995
- John Milton: A Critical Edition of the Major Works, Stephen Orgel y Jonathan Goldberg (eds.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, 1991
- READ, Herbert, “On Milton´s Areopagitica”, en Freedom of Expression, a Symposium Based on the Conference Called by the London Centre of the International P.E.N. to Commemorate the Tercentenary of the Publication of Milton’s Areopagitica, 22-26th August, London, 1944, Hermon Ould (ed.), Hutchinson International Authors, London, New York, 1945
- SKINNER, Quentin, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, 2 vols, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, reimpresión de 1990
- KAHN, Victoria, “The Metaphorical Contract in Milton’s Tenure of Kings and Magistrates”, en Milton and Republicanism
- WORDEN, Blair, “Milton’s Republicanism and the Tyranny of Heaven”, en Machiavelli and Republicanism
- SCOTT, Jonathan, Algernon Sidney and the English Republic, 1623-1677, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988
- KELLEY, Maurice W., “Milton and Machiavelli’s Discorsi”, Studies in Bibliography: Papers of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, vol. 4, 1951-1952
- MILTON, John, The Readie and Easie Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth, vid. Complete Prose Works of John Milton, vol. VII
- SCHOCHET, Gordon J., “Why Should History Matter? Political Theory and the History of Discourse”, en The Varieties of British Political Thought, 1500-1800, J. G. A., Pocock (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993
- HUGHES, Merritt Y., “Milton as a Revolutionary”, en Ten Perspectives on Milton, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1965
- CORNS, Thomas N., “Milton and the Characteristics of a Free Commonwealth”, en Milton and Republicanism
- CONSTANT, B., “De la Libertad de los Antiguos comparada con la de los Modernos”, en Escritos Políticos, traducción de M. L. Sánchez Mejía, Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, Madrid, 1989.
- BERLIN, Isaiah, “Two concepts of Liberty”, en Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1975
- BERLIN, Isaiah, “Dos conceptos de libertad”, en Cuatro ensayos sobre la libertad, trad. de Julio Bayón, Alianza Universidad, Madrid, 1988
- WEBER, Max, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Talcott Parsons (trad.), Scribner, New York, 1974
- WEBER, Max, La ética protestante y el espíritu del capitalismo, Luís Legaz Lacambra (trad.), Península, Barcelona, 1993.
- MEIKLEJOHN, Alexander, Free Speech and Its Relation to Self-Government, Harper, New York, 1948;
- Political Freedom: the Constitutional Powers of the People, Harper, New York, 1960;
- “The First Amendment is an Absolute”, Supreme Court Review, 1961, págs. 245-266.
- ELY, John H., Democracy and Distrust: A Theory of Judicial Review, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1980
- BLASI, Vincent, “John Milton’s Areopagitica and the Modern First Amendment”, Communications Lawyer, vol. 14, núm 4, 1996
- DOWLING, Paul y DAVIES, David, “ ‘Shrewd Books, with Dangerous Frontispieces’: Areopagitica’s Motto”, Milton Quarterly, vol. 20, 1986
- PATTERSON, Annabel, Censorship and Interpretation: The Conditions of Writings and Reading in Early Modern England, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1984
- W. B., “Query Concerning Motto Proposed by Milton to Areopagitica”, The Critic (New York), vol. XVII, 1890
- Eurípides. Tragedias, II, edición y traducción de Juan Miguel Labiano, Ediciones Cátedra, Madrid, 1999
- LABIANO, Juan M., Introducción a Las Suplicantes, vid. Eurípides. Tragedias II
- BURIAN, P. H., “Logos and Pathos. The Politics of the Suppliant Women”, en Directions in Euripidean Criticism. A Collection of Essays, Duke University Press, Durham, 1985
- RIBEIRO BERREIRA, José, “Political Aspects in Euripides’ Suppliants”, Humanitas, vol., XXXVII-XXXVIII, 1985-1986
- GILMAN, Wilbur E., Milton´s Rhetoric: Studies in His Defense of Liberty, University of Missouri Studies, 1939
- DZELZAINIS, Martin, “Milton and the Protectorate in 1658”, en Milton and Republicanism
- SKINNER, Quentin, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought
- SIEBERT, Frederick S., Freedom of the Press in England, 1476-1776: The Rise and Decline of Government Control, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1965
- CLYDE, William M., The Struggle for Freedom of the Press From Caxton to Cromwell, Oxford University Press, London, New York, 1934
- SALDAÑA DÍAZ, M. N., “«A Legacy of Suppression»: Del control de la información y opinión en la Inglaterra de los siglos XVI y XVII”
- WOOLRYCH, Austin, “Milton and Cromwell: ‘A Short But Scandalous Night of Interruption’?”, en Achievements of the Left Hand: Essays on the Prose of John Milton, Michael Lieb y J. T. Schawcross, (eds.), University of Massachussetts Press, Amherst, 1974
- LEWALSKI, Barbara K., “Milton: Political Beliefs and Polemical Methods, 1659-1660”, Publications of the Modern Language Association, vol. 74, núm. 1, 1959
- WOLFE, Don M., Milton in the Puritan Revolution, Thomas Nelson and Sons, New York, 1941
- FALLON, Robert Thomas, “Milton in the Anarchy, 1650-1660: A Question of Consistency”, Studies in English Literature, vol. 21, 1981
- HUNTER, William B., “Milton and Richard Cromwell”, English Language Notes, vol. 3, 1966
- MASSON, David, The Life of John Milton: Narrated in Connexion with The Literary, Historical and Political Events of His Time, 7 vols. Macmillan, London, 1859-1894, reimpreso por Peter Smith, New York, 1946, vol. V
- MILTON, John, Considerations Touching The Likeliest Means to Remove Hirelings out of the Church, vid. Complete Prose Works of John Milton, op. cit., vol. VII
- WOOLRYCH, Austin, “Milton and Cromwell: ‘a Short but Scandalous Night of Interruption’?”, en Achievements of the Left Hand: Essays on the Prose of John Milton
- DZELZAINIS, Martin, “Milton and the Protectorate en 1658”, en Milton and Republicanism
- PARKER, William R., Milton: A Biography, 2 vols., 2nd ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, New York, 1996, vol. I
- SHAWCROSS, John T., “ A Survey of Milton’s Prose Works”, en Achievements of the Left Hand
- MASSON, David, The Life of John Milton: Narrated in Connexion with The Literary, Historical and Political Events of His Time, op. cit., vol. V
- FRENCH, J. Milton (comp.), The Life Records of John Milton, 5 vols., Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1949-1958, vol. IV
- STRATHMANN, Ernest A., “A Note on the Ralegh Canon”, Times Literary Supplement, 13 de abril de 1956
- TUCK, Richard, Philosophy and Government, 1572-1651, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 1993
- DZELZAINIS, Martin, “Milton and the Protectorate in 1658”, en Milton and Republicanism
- MALTZAHN, Nicholas von, Milton’s History of Britain: Republican Historiography in the English Revolution,Clarendon Press, Don Mills, Ontario, 1991
- DZELZAINIS, Martin, “Milton’s Classical Republicanism”, en Milton and Republicanism
- WOOLRYCH, Austin, Introducción a Complete Prose Works of John Milton, vol. VII
- ZAGORIN, Perez, Milton: Aristocrat & Rebel: The Poet and His Politics, Boydell & Brewer, Rochester, New York, 1992
- MILTON, John, Paradise Lost, Libro XII
- WORDEN, Blair, “Milton, Samson Agonistes, and the Restoration”, en Culture and Society in the Stuart Restoration: Literature, Drama, History, Gerald Maclean (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995
- LOEWENSTEIN, David, “The Revenge of the Saint: Radical Religion and Politics in Samson Agonistes”, Milton Studies, vol. 33, 1997, págs. 159-180
- KAHN, Victoria, “Political Theology and Reason of State in Samson Agonistes”, South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 95, 1996, págs. 1065-1097
- KNOPPERS, Laura L., “‘This So Horrid Spectacle’: Samson Agonistes and the Execution of the Regicides”, English Literary Renaissance, vol. 20, 1990, págs. 487-504.
- The Political Thought of John Milton, The Macmillan Press, London, 1984
- KENDALL, Willmore, “How to Read Milton’s Areopagitica”, Journal of Politics, vol. 22, 1960
- KENDALL, Willmore,“Como debe leerse la «Areopagitica» de Milton”, Revista de Estudios Políticos, núm. 186, noviembrediciembre, 1982, págs. 109-145.
- KENDRICK, Christopher, Milton: A Study in Ideology and Form, New York & London, 1986
- HIMY, Armand, “Paradise Lost as a Republican ‘Tractatus Theologico-Politicus’”, en Milton and Republicanism
- KNIGHT, Wilson, Chariot of Wrath, Faber and Faber, London, 1942
- KRANIDAS, Thomas, “Polarity and Structure in Milton’s Areopagitica”, English Literary Renaissance, vol. 14, núm. 2, Spring, 1984, págs. 175-190
- «Symbol of renewal in the medieval bestiaries, the eagle image is both transcendent wisdom... and transcendent strength», WHITAKER, J. ‘The Wars of Truth’: Wisdom and Strength in Areopagitica”, Milton Studies, vol. 9, 1976, pág. 199.
- DANIELS, Edgar F., “Samson on Areopagitica”, Notes & Queries, vol. II, 1964, págs. 92-93.
- DRY, M., “The First Amendment Freedoms, Civil Peace and the Quest for Truth”, Constitutional Commentary, vol. 15, núm. 2, 1998