Autoempleo y creación de empleo en la UE-12

  1. Congregado Ramírez de Aguilera, Emilio
  2. Carmona Arango, Mónica
  3. Golpe Moya, Antonio Aníbal
Journal:
Revista de economía mundial

ISSN: 1576-0162

Year of publication: 2012

Issue: 30

Pages: 133-155

Type: Article

More publications in: Revista de economía mundial

Abstract

This paper examines the co-movement and causality between selfemployment and paid-employment cycles in the EU-12 countries using annual data spanning the years 1983 to 2008. Using different strategies, the causality and correlations at different horizons are used to analyze the dynamics in the paid-employment-self-employment relationship. The paper touches a �hot topic�, since the high European unemployment rate and the ineffectiveness showed by traditional active labour markets policies, have lead in a renewed interest in the promotion of new start-ups as a way of contributing to job creation. In that sense, this article provides some useful guidelines for devising and implementing this policy.

Bibliographic References

  • Acs, Z.J., Audretsch, D.B. and D.S. Evans (1994): "The Determinants of Variation in the Self-Employment Rates across Countries and Over Time", CEPR Discussion Paper, 871.
  • Audretsh, D. B. and Z. J. Acs (1994): "New Firm Start-ups, Technology and Macroeconomic Fluctuations", Small Business Economics, 6, 439-49.
  • Baumgartner, H.J. and Caliendo, M. (2007): "Turning Unemployment into Self-Employment: Effectiveness and Efficiency of Two Start-Up Programmes", IZA Discussion Paper No. 2660, Institute for the Study of Labor.
  • Burke, A. E., Fitzroy, F. R. & Nolan, M. A. (2002): "Self-employment Wealth and Job Creation: The Roles of Gender, Non-pecuniary Motivation and Entrepreneurial Ability", Small Business Economics, 19, 3, 255-70.
  • Burns, F. and Mitchell, W. (1946): Measuring Business Cycles. New York: NBER.
  • Carroll, R., Holtz-Eakin, D., Rider, M., and Rosen, H.S (2000): "Income Taxes and Entrepreneurs' Use of Labor", NBER Working Papers 6578.
  • Congregado, E., Golpe A.A. and Parker, S. (2009): "The Dynamics of Entrepreneurship: Hysteresis, Business Cycles and Government Policy", IZA Discussion Paper, 4093.
  • Congregado, E., Golpe A.A. and van Stel, A. (2009): "Push and Pull Hypothesis Reconsidered", Mimeo.
  • Congregado, E., Golpe A.A. and Carmona, M. (2010): "Is It a Good Policy to Promote Self-employment for Job Creation? Evidence from Spain", Journal of Policy Modeling, 32, 6, 828-842.
  • Cowling, M., Taylor, M. P. (2001): "Entrepreneurial Women and Men: Two Different Species?", Small Business Economics, 16, 3, 167-75.
  • Cowling, M., Taylor, M. P. and Mitchell, P. (2004): "Job Creators", Manchester School, 72, 5, 601-17.
  • den Haan, W.J. (2000): "The Comovement between Output and Prices", Journal of Monetary Economics, 46, 3-30
  • den Haan, W. and Sumner, S. (2004): "The Comovement Between Real Activity and Prices in the G7", European Economic Review, 48, 1333-1347.
  • Dickey, D. and Fuller, W. (1981): "A Likelihood Ratio Test for Autoregressive Time Series With a Unit Root", Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072.
  • Henley, A. (2005): "Job Creation by the Self-employed: The Roles of Entrepreneurial and Financial Capital", Small Business Economics, 25(2), 175-196
  • Hodrick, R. and Prescott, E. (1997): "Postwar US Business Cycles: An Empirical Investigation", Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 29, 1-16.
  • Johansen S. (1988): "Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors", Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12 (2), 231-54.
  • Johansen, S. (1991): "Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models", Econometrica 59, 1551-81.
  • Johansen, S. (1995): Likelihood-based Inference in Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Models. Oxford. Oxford University Press.
  • Lucas, R. E. (1978): "On the Size Distribution of Business Firms", Bell Journal of Economics, 9, 508-23.
  • Lütkepol, H. and Krätzig, M. (2004): Applied Time Series Econometrics. Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Millán, J.M., Congregado, E., and Román C. (2010): "Determinants of Self-employment Survival in Europe", Small Business Economics, forthcoming.
  • Ng, S. and Perron, P. (1997): "Estimation and Inference in Nearly Unbalanced Cointegrated Systems", Journal of econometrics 79, 53-81.
  • Parker, S.C. (2004): The Economics of Self-employment, Cambridge University Press.
  • Parker, S. C. and M. T. Robson (2004): "Explaining International Variations in Self-employment: Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries", Southern Economic Journal, 71, 287-301.
  • Pfeiffer, F. and Reize, F. (2000a) "From Unemployment to Self-Employment-Public Promotion and Selection", International Journal of Sociology 30(3), 71-99.
  • Pfeiffer, F. and Reize F. (2000b): "Business Start-ups by the Unemployed - an Econometric Analysis Based on Firm Data", Labour Economics 7(5), 629-663
  • Rampini, A. A. (2004): "Entrepreneurial Activity, Risk and the Business Cycle", Journal of Monetary Economics, 51, 555-73.
  • Rissman, E. (2003): "Self-employment as an Alternative to Unemployment", Working Paper Series WP-03-34, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
  • Reize, F. (2004): Leaving Unemployment for Self-employment. ZEW Economic Studies, 25. Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg.
  • Shane, S. (2009): "Why Encouraging More People to Become Entrepreneurs is Bad Public Policy?", Small Business Economics, 33, 141-149.
  • Taylor, M. (1996): "Earnings, Independence or Unemployment: Why Become Self-employed?", Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 58, 253-66.
  • Thurik, A.R., Carree, M.A., Van Stel, A.J., and Audretsch, D.B. (2008): "Does Self-Employment Reduce Unemployment?", Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 673-86.
  • Van Stel, A., Hartog, C., and Cieslik, J. (2010): "Measuring Business Ownership Across Countries and Over Time: Extending the COMPENDIA Data Base", EIM Business and Policy Research, Scales Research Reports, No. H201019.