Determinants of self-employment dynamics and their implications on entrepreneurial policy effectiveness

  1. Millán, José María 1
  2. Congregado, Emilio 1
  3. Román, Concepción 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Huelva
    info

    Universidad de Huelva

    Huelva, España

    ROR https://ror.org/03a1kt624

Revista:
Lecturas de Economía

ISSN: 0120-2596 2323-0622

Año de publicación: 2010

Número: 72

Páginas: 45-76

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Lecturas de Economía

Resumen

Este trabajo resume los principales resultados de las investigaciones empíricas sobre la dinámica del autoempleo —en particular entrada y éxito— y discute sus posibles implicaciones sobre la efectividad de la política de promoción empresarial. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es estimular un debate que contribuya al desarrollo de futuros análisis condicionales, para guiar el diseño de la agenda política en este campo.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Acs, Zoltan (1996). “Small firms and economic growth.” In Admiraal, Piet H. (Ed.), Small business in the modern economy, Oxford, U.K, Blackwell Publishers.
  • Acs, Zoltan and Audretsch, David (1993). Small firms and entrepreneurship; an east-west perspective, U.K, Cambridge University Press.
  • Acs, Zoltan; Audretsch, David and Evans, David (1994). “The determinants of variation in the self-employment rates across countries and over time”, Discussion Paper, No. 871, London, CEPR.
  • Andersson, Pernilla (2009). “Exits from self-Employment: is there a nativeimmigrant difference in Sweden?”, International Migration Review (forthcoming).
  • Andersson, Pernilla and Wadensjö, Eskil (2007). “Do the unemployed become successful entrepreneurs?”, International Journal of Manpower, No. 28, pp. 604-626.
  • Audretsch, David (2002). Entrepreneurship: a survey of the literature, Prepared for the European Commission, Enterprise Directorate General.
  • Barkham, Richard (1994). “Entrepreneurial characteristics and the size of the new firm: a model and an econometric test”, Small Business Economics, No. 6, pp. 117-125.
  • Bates, Timothy (1990). “Entrepreneur human capital inputs and small business longevity”, Review of Economics and Statistics, No. 72, pp. 551- 559.
  • Bates, Timothy (1999). “Exiting self-employment: an analysis of Asian immigrant-owned small businesses”, Small Business Economics, No. 13, pp. 171-183.
  • Bernhardt, Irwin (1994). “Comparative advantage in self-employment and paid work”, Canadian Journal of Economics, No. 27, pp. 273-289.
  • Blanchflower, David Graham (2000). “Self-employment in OECD countries”, Labour Economics, No. 7, pp. 471-505.
  • Blanchflower, David Graham (2004). “Self-employment: more may not be better”, Swedish Economic Policy Review, No. 11, pp. 15-74.
  • Blanchflower, David Graham and Meyer, Bruce (1994). “A longitudinal analysis of young entrepreneurs in Australia and the United States”, Small Business Economics, No. 6, pp. 1-20.
  • Blanchflower, David Graham and Oswald, Andrew (1998). “What makes an entrepreneur?”, Journal of Labor Economics, No. 16, pp. 26-60.
  • Block, Jörn and Sandner, Philipp (2009). “Necessity and opportunity entrepreneurs and their duration in self-employment: evidence from German micro data”, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, No. 9, pp. 117-137.
  • Boden Jr, Richard (1996). “Gender and self-employment selection: an empirical assessment”, Journal of Socioeconomics, No. 25, pp. 671-682.
  • Boone, Jan and Van Ours, Jan (2004). “Effective active labor market policies”, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 1335. Bruce, Donald (2000). “Effects of the United States tax system on transitions into self-employment”, Labour Economics, No. 7, pp. 545-574.
  • Bruce, Donald (2002). “Taxes and entrepreneurial endurance: evidence from the self-employed”, National Tax Journal, No. 55, pp. 5-24.
  • Bruce, Donald and Schuetze, Herbert (2004). “Tax policy and entrepreneurship”, Swedish Economic Policy Review, No. 2, pp. 233-265.
  • Brüderl, Josef and Preisendörfer, Peter (1998). “Network support and the success of newly founded businesses”, Small Business Economics, No. 10, pp. 213-225.
  • Brüderl, Josef; Preisendörfer, Peter and Ziegler, Rolf (1992). “Survival chances of newly founded business organizations”, American Sociological Review, No. 57, pp. 227-242.
  • Burke, Andrew; FitzRoy, Felix and Nolan, Michael (2000). “When less is more: distinguishing between entrepreneurial choice and performance”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, No. 65, pp. 567-587.
  • Burke, Andrew; FitzRoy, Felix and Nolan, Michael (2002). “Selfemployment wealth and job creation: the roles of gender, nonpecuniary motivation and entrepreneurial ability”, Small Business Economics, No. 19, pp. 255-270.
  • Carlsson, Bo (1989). “The evolution of manufacturing technology and its impact on industrial structure: an international study”, Small Business Economics, No. 1, pp. 21-37.
  • Carrasco, Raquel (1999). “Transitions to and from self-employment in Spain: an empirical analysis”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, No. 61, pp. 315-341.
  • Carree, Martin; Van Stel, André; Thurik, Roy and Wennekers, Sander (2002). “Economic development and business ownership: an analysis using data of 23 OECD countries in the period 1976-1996”, Small Business Economics, No. 19, pp. 271-290.
  • Carroll, Robert; Holtz-Eakin, Douglas; Rider, Mark and Rosen, Harvey (2000). “Income taxes and entrepreneurs’ use of labour”, Journal of Labor Economics, No. 18, pp. 324-351.
  • Casson, Mark (2003). “The entrepreneur: an economic theory”, second edition, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
  • Clark, Kenneth and Drinkwater, Stephen (1998). “Ethnicity and selfemployment in Britain”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, No. 60, pp. 383-407.
  • Clark, Kenneth and Drinkwater, Stephen (2000). “Pushed out or pulled in? Self-employment among minorities in England and Wales”, Labour Economics, No. 7, pp. 603-628.
  • Clark, Kenneth and Drinkwater, Stephen (2010). “Recent trends in minority ethnic entrepreneurship in Britain”, International Small Business Journal, No. 28, pp. 136-146.
  • COM (2004). “Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions”, Action Plan: The European Agenda for Entrepreneurship.
  • Congregado, Emilio; Millán, José María and Román, Concepción (2009). “The emergence of new entrepreneurs in Europe”, Mimeo, Universidad de Huelva, available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1535422.
  • Congregado, Emilio; Millán, José María and Román, Concepción (2010). “Transitions within self-employment: from own-account worker to employer”, Mimeo, Universidad de Huelva, available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1557330.
  • Cooper, Arnold; Gimeno-Gascon, Javier and Woo Carolyn (1991). “A resource-based prediction of new venture survival and growth”, Academy of Management Proceedings, pp. 68-72.
  • Cooper, Arnold; Gimeno-Gascon, Javier and Woo, Carolyn (1992). “Entrepreneurs’ exit decisions: the role of threshold expectations”. In: Academy of Management
  • Cooper, Arnold; Gimeno-Gascon, Javier and Woo, Carolyn (1994). “Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance”, Journal of Business Venturing, No. 9, pp. 371-395.
  • Cowling, Marc; Taylor, Mark and Mitchell, Peter (2004). “Job creators”, The Manchester School, No. 72, Vol. 5, pp. 601-617.
  • Cressy, Robert (1996). “Are business startups debt-rationed?”, Economic Journal, No. 106, pp. 1253-1270.
  • Cueto, Begoña and Mato, Javier (2006). “An analysis of self-employment subsidies with duration models”, Applied Economics, No. 38, pp. 23-32.
  • Chandler Jr, Alfred (1990). Scale and scope: the dynamics of industrial capitalism, U.S, Harvard University Press.
  • De Wit, Gerrit (1993). “Models of self-employment in a competitive market”, Journal of Economic Surveys, No. 7, pp. 367-397.
  • De Wit, Gerrit and Van Winden, Frans (1989). “An empirical analysis of self-employment in the Netherlands”, Small Business Economics, No. 1, pp. 263-272.
  • De Wit, Gerrit and Van Winden, Frans (1990). “An empirical analysis of self-employment in the Netherlands”, Economic Letters, No. 32, pp. 97-100.
  • De Wit, Gerrit and Van Winden, Frans (1991). “An M-sector, N-group behavioural model of self-employment”, Small Business Economics, No. 3, pp. 49-66.
  • Del Monte, Alfredo and Scalera, Domenico (2001). “The life duration of small firms born within a start-up programme. Evidence from Italy”, Regional Studies, No. 35, pp. 11-21.
  • Dolton, Peter and Makepeace, Gerald (1990). “Self-employment among graduates”, Bulletin of Economic Research, No. 42, pp. 35-53.
  • Dunn, Thomas and Holtz-Eakin, Douglas (2000). “Financial capital, human capital and the transition to self-employment: evidence from intergenerational links”, Journal of Labor Economics, No. 18, pp. 282- 305.
  • Ejrnæs, Mette and Hochguertel, Stefan (2008). “Entrepreneurial moral hazard in income insurance: empirical evidence from a large administrative sample”, Discussion Paper, No. 19, Network for Studies on Pensions, Aging and Retirement.
  • Evans, David and Jovanovic, Boyan (1989). “An estimated model of entrepreneurial choice under liquidity constraints”, Journal of Political Economy, No. 97, pp. 808-827.
  • Evans, David and Leighton, Linda (1989). “Some empirical aspects of entrepreneurship”, American Economic Review, No. 79, pp. 519-535.
  • Fairlie, Robert (1999). “The absence of the African-American owned business: an analysis of the dynamics of self-employment”, Journal of Labor Economics, No. 17, pp. 80-108.
  • Fairlie, Robert and Robb, Alicia (2007). “Why are black-owned businesses less successful than white-owned businesses? The role of families, inheritances, and business human capital”, Journal of Labor Economics, No. 25, pp. 289-323.
  • Fairlie, Robert and Krashinsky, Harry (2006). “Liquidity constraints, household wealth, and entrepreneurship revisited”, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 2201.
  • Falter, Jean-Marc (2002). “Self-employment entry and duration in Switzerland”, Working paper, Employment Center, University of Geneva.
  • Felstead, Alan and Leighton, Patricia (1992). “Issues, themes and reflections on the ‘enterprise culture’”. In: The new entrepreneurs: selfemployment and small business in Europe, Kogan Page.
  • Fertala, Nikolinka (2008). “The shadow of death: do regional differences matter for firm survival across native and immigrant entrepreneurs?”, Empirica, No. 35, pp. 59-80.
  • Fölster, Stefan (2000). “Do entrepreneurs create jobs?”, Small Business Economics, No. 14, pp. 137-148.
  • Fujii, Edwin and Hawley, Clifford (1991). “Empirical aspects of selfemployment”, Economics Letters, No. 36, pp. 323-329.
  • Georgarakos, Dimitris and Tatsiramos, Konstantinos (2009). “Entrepreneurship and survival dynamics of immigrants to the U.S. and their descendants”, Labour Economics, No. 16, pp. 161-170.
  • Georgellis, Yannis; Sessions, John and Nikolaos, Tsitsianis (2007). “Pecuniary and non-pecuniary aspects of self-employment survival”, Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, No. 47, pp. 94-112.
  • Giannetti, Mariassunta and Simonov, Andrei (2004). “On the determinants of entrepreneurial activity: social norms, economic environment and individual characteristics”, Swedish Economic Policy Review, No. 11, pp. 269-313.
  • Gill, Andrew (1988). “Choice of employment status and the wages of employees and the self-employed: some further evidence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, No. 3, pp. 229-234.
  • Gimeno-Gascon, Javier; Folta, Timothy; Cooper, Arnold and Woo, Carolyn (1997). “Survival of the fittest? Entrepreneurial human capital and the persistence of underperforming firms”, Administrative Science Quarterly, No. 42, pp. 750-783.
  • Greene, William (2003). Econometric analysis, fifth edition, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall.
  • Grilo, Isabel and Thurik, Roy (2004). “Determinants of entreprenerurship in europe”, ERIM Report Series Research in Management, ERS-2004-106- ORG.
  • Gurley-Calvez, Tami (2006). “Health insurance deductibility and entrepreneurial survival”, Report developed under contract with the Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy.
  • Gurley-Calvez, Tami and Bruce, Donald (2008). “Do tax cuts promote entrepreneurial longevity?”, National Tax Journal, No. 61, pp. 225-250.
  • Hamilton, Robert (1989). “Unemployment and business formation rates: reconciling time series and cross-section evidence”, Environment and Planning, No. 21, pp. 249-255.
  • Haapanen, Mika and Hannu, Tervo (2009). “Self-employment duration in urban and rural locations”, Applied Economics, No. 41, pp. 2449- 2461.
  • Henley, Andrew (2005). “Job creation by the self-employed: the roles of entrepreneurial and financial capital”, Small Business Economics, No. 25, pp. 175-196.
  • Holmes, Thomas and Schmitz Jr, James (1996). “Managerial tenure, business age, and small business turnover”, Journal of Labor Economics, No. 14, pp. 79-99.
  • Holtz-Eakin, Douglas; Joulfaian, David and Rosen, Harvey (1994a). “Entrepreneurial decisions and liquidity constraints”, Rand Journal of Economics, No. 25, pp. 334-347.
  • Holtz-Eakin, Douglas; Joulfaian, David and Rosen, Harvey (1994b). “Sticking it out: entrepreneurial survival and liquidity constraints”, Journal of Political Economy, No. 102, pp. 53-75.
  • Hout, Michael and Rosen, Harvey (2000). “Self-employment, family background and race”, Journal of Human Resources, No. 15, pp. 670- 692.
  • Hyytinen, Ari and Maliranta, Mika (2006). “When do employees leave their job for entrepreneurship: evidence from linked employeremployee data”, ETLA Discussion Paper, No. 1023.
  • Iyigun, Murat and Owen, Ann (1998). “Risk, entrepreneurship, and human capital accumulation”, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, No. 88, pp. 454-457.
  • Jensen, Kræn; Nielsen, Helena; Ejrnæs, Mette and Würtz, Allan (2003). “Self-employment among immigrants: a last ressort?”, CAM Working Paper, Institute of Economics, University of Copenhagen, WP 2003-08.
  • Johansson, Edvard (2000). “Self-employment and the predicted earnings differential, evidence from Finland”, Finnish Economic Papers, No. 13, pp. 45-55.
  • Johansson, Edvard (2001). “Determinants of self-employment duration, evidence from Finnish micro-data”, Mimeo, Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration. J
  • ørgensen, Rasmus (2005). “A duration analysis of Danish start-ups”, Centre for Economic and Business Research”, CEBR student paper.
  • Jovanovic, Boyan (1982). “Selection and the evolution of industry”, Econometrica, No. 50, pp. 649-670.
  • Kalleberg, Arne and Leicht, Kevin (1991). “Gender and organizational performance: determinants of small business survival and success”, Academy of Management Journal, No. 34, pp. 136-161.
  • Kangasharju, Aki and Pekkala, Sari (2002). “The role of education in self-employment success in Finland”, Growth and Change, No. 33, pp. 216-237.
  • Keeble, David; Walker, Sheila and Robson, Martin (1993). “New firm formation and small business growth: spatial and temporal variations and determinants in the United Kingdom”, Employment Department Research Series, London, HMSO, No. 15.
  • Klapper, Leora; Laeven, Luc and Raghuram, Rajan (2007). “Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship”, Journal of Financial Economics, No. 82, pp. 591-629.
  • Lancaster, Tony (1990). The analysis of transition data, U.K, Cambridge University Press.
  • Lin, Zhengxi; Picot, Garnett and Compton, Janice (2000). “The entry and exit dynamics of self-employment in Canada”, Small Business Economics, No. 15, pp. 105-125.
  • Lindh, Thomas and Ohlsoon, Henry (1996). “Self-employment and windfall gains: evidence from the Swedish lottery”, Economic Journal, No. 106, pp. 1515-1526.
  • Lofstrom, Magnus and Wang, Chunbei(2006). “Hispanic self-employment: a dynamic analysis of business ownership”, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 2101.
  • Loveman, Gary and Sengenberger, Werner (1991). “The re-emergence of small-scale production; an international comparison”, Small Business Economics, No. 3, pp. 1-37.
  • Lucas Jr, Robert (1978). “On the size distribution of firms”, BELL Journal of Economics, No. 9, pp. 508-523.
  • Maddala, Gangadharrao (1983). Limited-dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics, U.K, Cambridge University Press.
  • Marshall, Katherine (1999). “Working together – self-employed couples”, Perspectives on Labour and Income, Statistics Canada, No. 11, pp. 9-13.
  • Martínez-Granado, Maite (2002). “Self-employment and labour market transitions: a multiple state model”, CEPR Discussion Paper, No. 3661.
  • Mathur, Aparna (2008). “Health insurance and job creation by the selfemployed”, Small Business Economics, DOI 10.1007/s11187-008-9164-4.
  • Meyer, Bruce (1990). “Why are there so few black entrepreneurs?”, NBER Working Paper, No. 3537, National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Millán, José María, Congregado, Emilio and Román, Concepción (2010). “Determinants of self-employment survival in Europe”, Small Business Economics, DOI: 10.1007/s11187-010-9260-0.
  • Moore, Carol and Mueller, Richard (2002). “The transition from paid to self-employment in Canada: the importance of push factors”, Applied Economics, No. 34, pp. 791-801.
  • Mortensen, Dale (1986). “Job search and labor market analysis”. In: Handbook of labor economics, Amsterdam, North-Holland: Elsevier.
  • Muñoz, Fernando and Cueto, Begoña (2008). “The sustainability of startup firms among formerly wage workers”, Business Economic Series, Working Paper, No. 31, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
  • Nziramasanga, Mudziviri and Lee, Min Soo (2001). “Duration of selfemployment in developing countries: evidence from small enterprises in Zimbabwe”, Small Business Economics, No. 17, pp. 239-253.
  • Nziramasanga, Mudziviri and Lee, Min Soo (2002). “On the duration of self-employment: the impact of macroeconomic conditions”, Journal of Development Studies, No. 39, pp. 46-73.
  • Oecd (2000). “The partial renaissance of self-employment”, The Employment Outlook, chapter 5, Paris, OECD.
  • Parker, Simon (1997). “The effects of risk on self-employment”, Small Business Economics, No. 9, pp. 515-522.
  • Parker, Simon (2002). “Do banks ration credit to new enterprises? And should governments intervene?”, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, No. 49, pp. 162-195.
  • Parker, Simon (2003). “Does tax evasion affect occupational choice?”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, No. 65, pp. 379-394.
  • Parker, Simon (2004). The economics of self-employment and entrepreneurship, U.K, Cambridge University Press.
  • Parker, Simon (2007). “Which firms do the entrepreneurs come from?”, Economics Bulletin, No. 10, pp. 1-9.
  • Parker, Simon (2009a). The economics of entrepreneurship, U.K, Cambridge University Press.
  • Parker, Simon (2009b). “Why do small firms produce the entrepreneurs?”, Journal of Socio-Economics, No. 38, pp. 484-494. Rees, Hedley and Shah, Anup (1986). “An empirical analysis of selfemployment in the UK”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, No. 1, pp. 95-108.
  • Reize, Frank (2004). “Leaving unemployment for self-employment. An empirical study”, ZEW Economics Studies, No. 25, Manheim, Germany, Physica-Verlag.
  • Rissman, Ellen (2003). “Self-employment as an alternative to unemployment”, Working Paper, No. 34, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
  • Rissman, Ellen (2006). “The self-employment duration of younger men over the business cycle”, Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, No. 30, pp. 14-21.
  • Román, Concepción; Congregado, Emilio and Millán, José María (2009). “Dependent self-employment as a way to evade employment protection legislation”, Small Business Economics, DOI: 10.1007/ s11187-009-9241-3.
  • Román, Concepción; Congregado, Emilio and Millán, José María (2010). “Start-up incentives: entrepreneurship policy or active labour market programme?”, Mimeo, Universidad de Huelva, Available at: http:// ssrn.com/abstract=1619990.
  • Schuetze, Herbert (2000). “Taxes, economic conditions and recent trends in male self-employment: a Canada-US comparison”, Labour Economics, No. 7, pp. 507-544.
  • Schuetze, Herbert (2008). “Tax incentives and entrepreneurship: measurement and data considerations”. In: Measuring entrepreneurship: building a statistical system, New York, Springer. Storey, David (1994). Understanding the small business sector, London, Routledge.
  • Taylor, Mark (1996). “Earnings, independence or unemployment: why become self-employed?”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, No. 58, pp. 253-266.
  • Taylor, Mark (1999). “Survival of the fittest? An analysis of selfemployment duration in Britain”, Economic Journal, No. 109, pp. 140- 155.
  • Taylor, Mark (2001). “Self-employment and windfall gains in Britain: evidence from panel data”, Economica, New Series, 68, No. 272, pp. 539-565.
  • Taylor, Mark (2004). “Self-employment in Britain: when, who and why?”, Swedish Economic Policy Review, No. 11, pp. 139-173.
  • Thurik, Roy (1999). “Entrepreneurship, industrial transformation and growth”. In: The sources of entrepreneurial activity, Stamford, U.S, JAI Press.
  • Tokila, Anu (2009). “Start-up grants and self-employment duration”, Paper presented at the Spring Meeting of Young Economists, Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Van der Sluis, Justin; Van Praag, Mirjam and Vijverberg, Wim (2008). “Education and entrepreneurship selection and performance: a review of the empirical literature”, Journal of Economic Surveys, No. 22, pp. 795-841.
  • Van Praag, Mirjam (2003). “Business survival and success of young small business owners”, Small Business Economics, No. 21, pp. 1-17.
  • Van Praag, Mirjam and Van Ophem, Hans (1995). “Determinants of willingness and opportunity to start as an entrepreneur”, Kyklos, No. 48, pp. 513-540.
  • Van Stel, André (2005). “Compendia: harmonizing business ownership data across countries and over time”, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, No. 1, pp. 105-123, Reprinted in Congregado, Emilio (Ed.), Measuring entrepreneurship: building a statistical system, 2008, New York, Springer.
  • Van Stel, André; Storey, David and Thurik, Roy (2007). “The effect of business regulations on nascent and young business entrepreneurship”, Small Business Economics, No. 28, pp. 171-186.
  • Wagner, Joachim (2004). “Are young and small firms hothouses for nascent entrepreneurs?”, Applied Economics Quarterly, No. 50, pp. 379- 391.
  • Werner, Arndt and Moog, Petra (2009). “Why do employees leave their jobs for self-employment? The impact of entrepreneurial working conditions in small firms”, MPRA Paper, No. 18826, Available at: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18826.
  • Westhead, Paul and Cowling, Marc (1995). “Employment change in independent owner-managed high technology firms in Great Britain”, Small Business Economics, No. 7, pp. 111-140.
  • Wooldridge, Jeffrey (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data, Cambridge, U.S, MIT Press.