La apuesta de Diosla aporía del mal y el mito de Job

Laburpena

This PhD Dissertation responds to the ancient craving produced by the reality of evil, that old aporia that involves the philosophical approach as well as the theological or sociological ones. From this triple perspective the author has tried to summarize the conclusions provided by an extensive bibliography which has been obviously filtered at his discretion. It is therefore an expositive work, since the object under consideration, Evil, has been bouncing in thought from the deepest antiquity, having been especially complicated in a cultural context conditioned by religious belief, as is the case in Europe. From this remote reason to current theories there is an almost unfathomable distance that the author has tried to consider as much detailed as possible, from primitive notions found in anthropology in the "wild" mentality to the latest theoretical contributions and through the history of philosophy trying not to avoid any significant milestone that concerns the topic. From those "primitive" people to the philosophers of the twentieth (and XXI) century it has been necessary to consider the reflections of the classical thinkers, Greek and Latin ones, the vast contribution of the Middle Ages, the important turn registered in the Renaissance and then during the Baroque period, to include then the reflections of thought by "enlightened and "romantic" thinkers. The result has been eerily meager as it is well known that evil, as a matter, lacks intellectual response. As it should be expected, the author has seen the problem, most especially, from the dialectic generated by religious (theological) reflection but from a rigorous ideological neutrality. Considered the evolution of the concept of Evil, the thesis chooses the tragedy of patriarch Job to study the extreme case that, in our noological field, represents that story canonized in 1 the Bible as a holy book. According to the author, that story raises another insoluble matter, the reality of "fair suffering", and thus involves the most powerful speech known against the traditional doctrine of "retribution'', i.e. the idea, maintained by almost all faiths and simple ideologies, that evil is nothing but the punishment due to inappropriate behavior while it ! would be the opposite, namely, that the Good is the prize or award received by the righteous man. Bibliography about both the concept and meaning of evil and tragedy around Job's tragedy is overwhelming. This thesis has tried to collect and reasonably organize knowledge on both issues, under the conviction that the Book of Job is an exceptional intellectual and moral exercise that aims to destroy the aforementioned "theory of retribution" always without exceeding the possibilities and limits imposed by both "finitude" and the "freedom" of human consciousness. The problem, i.e., the aporia raised by the existence of Evil unfolds in the tragic story of that non-Hebrew patriarch who is relentlessly faithful to his God long before Israel creates the Mosaic monotheism, but who does not resign himself to his misery and sets out to ... I that unknown God, in forensic terms, the problem of injustice.Neither Job or God will give in to their demands, but a final theophany, in which Kantian futility of theodicies looms, will make the character abandon his attitude and blindly submit to God. The game between Freedom and Faith has in Job its greatest exponent. That's what this thesis tries to conclude.