Cambios en la estructura y en la función familiar de los adolescentes en los últimos 16 años (1997-2013) y su relación con el apoyo social

Resum

Adolescence is a time of great changes, a period of learning and self-discovery in which passes from dependence of childhood to the interdependency of adulthood through a dynamic transition, which occurs gradually and an individualized pace. It is a time of emotional instability, search for identity, self-affirmation and independence in a departure from the family by the teenager and an approach to peer group occurs. It is a period of vulnerability for developíng emotíonal and behavioral problems. It is a stage of rapid biological and psychosocial changes and impoftant tíme"to lay the foundations for good heejlth in adulthood and opportuníty to correct health problems that have arisen. Habits lÍke smoking or habits like smoking or drinking alcohol, eating habits and physical activity, overweight and obesity often occur at this age and have a serious impact on the health and development of adolescents today. Adolescent individual characteristícs, family structure, relational aspects and features of the parents may be related to emotional and behavioral problems of adolescents. Families have evolved, the nuclear family representiñg þss than 50o/o today, emerging other structures such as single parents, extended and reconstructed, which have contributed to the current family plurality. Both the structure and family function influence the development and adolescent behavior. The famíly as a system structure plays a key role in preventing risky behaviors, the first protective agent and facilitator of healthy adolescent development, within which you educate and degree of family functionality will allow it to become an autonomous person, able to face in integrated in life. Healthy family as one that performs its functions properly, according to the stage of life in which you are and the demands that perceives the environment is defÍned. To stressful life events the famíly has to adapt to properly cope with difficult or stressful sítuations. Social support has a protective effect on parameters related to health behaviors and health in general. Low social support negatively affects health status, originated the appearance of organic, psychological and psychosocial symptoms. The main obiective of this studv is to know the relationshío between familv structure of adolescents and their percept¡on of family function. They are specific, describe the changes over time of the structure and perception of family function, to evaluate the influence of age and gender on the perception of family function, relate perceived social suppoft with function and family structure and to determine the relationshíp between age and gender with social support perceived by adolescents, Desing: Transversal study with descriptive design through surueys conducted between 1997 and 2013, to 2050 adolescents aged 11 to 19 years old of Secondary School in an urban area of Jaen. Results: The most common is the nuclear family structure, followed by single parent, extended gnd blended families, there are no big differences over the years of the study. Most teens receive adequate family function, with percentages of mÍld and severe variables but less than a quarter of the population studied dysfunction, decreasing the especially severe family dysfunction over the years of study at a time that the perception of proper family functioning in the extended and stepfamilies increases. There is no clear relationship between family structure and perception of functionality. There are no gender differences in terms of family functioning and the 14, t5 and L7 years old when more family dysfunction is seen in the early years of the study. The perception of adequate social support is majority among adolescents, the best being the confidential emotional support. Women perceive greater social support than men, with no differences in age or family structure. Both test results as family APGAR and DUKE-INC test are related to adequate perception of family function and relationship of good social support. Family dysfunction is more commgn if social support is unsatisfactory in adolescents.