Motivación, ansiedad y autoconcepto en un programa de turismo activo en edades comprendidas entre 9 y 12 años

Abstract

Introduction. At present, there is a growing interest in outdoor activities and adventure sports, allowing in some cases an increase in physical activity in schools. The performance of outdoor activities in Physical Education usually represent a challenge for the students, resulting in emotional states potentially uncontrollable and immanent to the learning experiences. In this context, enjoyment, anxiety and achievement goals are especially important. Objectives. 1) To adapt the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) and the 2x2 Achievement Goal in a Physical Education Questionnaire (2x2 AGPEQ) to a sample of primary and secondary school students in a context of physical activity practice in the natural environment and to evaluate the psychometric properties of These instruments; 2) To evaluate the effects of a program of multitasking/multi-adventure activities in the context of physical activities in the natural environment on the constructs of the previous scales in a sample of students of primary and secondary education within the parameters of Physical Education. Method. The present work was structured in two phases or studies. The first one oriented to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the scales PACES, SAS-2 y 2x2 AGPQS adapted to a context of physical activities in the natural environment; the second, to evaluate the states of the constructs of the previous three scales before and after the implementation of a program of multitasking/multi-adventure activities within the context of physical activities in the natural environment. A total of 455 students from primary and secondary education in Western Andalusia (Spain) participated in the first study. The age range was between 9 and 12 years. In the second study, a total of 233 students participated. No particular age range was found, but boys and girls aged 11 and 13 years. The program of activities multitasking/mufti adventure in the context of physical activities in the natural environment was characterized by developing for three days and two nights and encompassing nine activities (top rope, activity via ferrata, zip line, rappel, ail-terrain, kayak, Riding, shoveling bow and raid orientation). Descriptive statistical analyzes and inferential ones were developed. All statistical analyzes were carried out with the statistical package SPSS 21.0, using a level of significance p < .05. Results. STUDY 1. The PACES It has been shown how the original 16-item scale would not be valid to fulfill the purpose of analyzing students in this context, so it would be necessary, eliminate and reduce the scale. In addition, this reduction is of interest, since for primary students it would be more acceptable to evaluate any variable through 5 questions than through 16, possibly being more reliable the answers than with long questionnaires. The SAS-2 in the context of physical activities in the natural environment in Physical Education presents adequate psychometric properties to evaluate competitive anxiety in such conditions; The results of the psychometric properties indicated the unnecessary elimination of some item or modification of scales/subscales at the scales/subscales level. The 2x2 AGPEQ in the context of physical activities in the natural environment in Physical Education presents adequate psychometric properties to evaluate the motivation in contexts of sports achievement, except for the subscale of Avoidance- Mastery, the only one that presented need of being eliminated. STUDY 2. The multitasking/multi-adventure program did not produce significant effects on physical activity enjoyment. The multitasking/multi-adventure program produced significant effects on competitive anxiety. The multitasking/multi-adventure program produced significant effects on achievement goals for sport, both on the global scale and its subscales, except for Avoidance-Performance. In the others, the effects were beneficial. Conclusions. The hypotheses on the appropriateness of the psychometric properties of the PACES and SAS-2, but the corresponding 2x2 AGPEQ adapted to the context of physical activities in the natural environment was rejected. It is recommended to formulate new programs of activities or to reformulate the present. In addition, it is recommended to modify the scientific evaluation conditions associated with the sample size, the heterogeneity of its demographic characteristics and the inescapable of carrying out more extensive and regular postintervention follow-ups.