A review of the dissociative disordersfrom multiple personality disorder to the posttraumatic stress

  1. Modesto J. Romero-López
Revista:
Anales de psicología

ISSN: 0212-9728 1695-2294

Any de publicació: 2016

Volum: 32

Número: 2

Pàgines: 448-456

Tipus: Article

DOI: 10.6018/ANALESPS.32.2.218301 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDIGITUM editor

Altres publicacions en: Anales de psicología

Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible

Resum

Este trabajo trata la idea de disociación, los trastornos disociativos y su relación con los procesos de conciencia. Se centra en el trastorno de personalidad múltiple y el trastorno de estrés postraumático, desde la perspectiva del diagnóstico y del tratamiento. Ambos grupos de trastornos polarizan el debate sobre las categorías diagnósticas con síntomas disociativos. Se revisan las ideas sobre disociación, hipnosis y suicidio asociadas a estos trastornos. Parece darse una falta de consenso en cuanto a la naturaleza misma de la disociación con implicaciones teóricas, empíricas y clínicas. Completa esta revisión la comparación desde sus inicios, hace poco más de un siglo, con el panorama actual y las nuevas tendencias en las investigaciones que desde las neurociencias están relacionando los procesos cognitivos con los fenómenos y trastornos disociativos

Referències bibliogràfiques

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Text revised. Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Association.
  • Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría. (2014). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (DSM-5), 5ª Ed. Arlington (VA): Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría.
  • Atchison , M., & McFarlane, A. C. (1994). A review of dissociation and dissociative disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 28, 591-599. doi: 10.3109/00048679409080782
  • Auxéméry, Y. (2012). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a consequence of the interaction between an individual genetic susceptibility, a traumatogenic event and a social context. Encephale, 5, 373-380. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2011.12.003
  • Brand, B. L., Classen, C. C., McNary, S. W., & Zaveri, P. (2009). A review of dissociative disorders treatment studies. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 646-654. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181b3afaa
  • Brown, R. J., Cardeña, E., Nijenhuis, E. Sar, V., & van der Hart, O. (2007). Should conversion disorder be reclassified as a dissociative disorder in DSM V? Psychosomatics, 48, 369-378. doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.48.5.369
  • Bru, M., Santamaría, M., Coronas, R. y Cobo, J. V. (2009). Trastorno disociativo y acontecimientos traumáticos. Un estudio en población española. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 37, 200-204. Recuperado de http://actaspsiquiatria.es/repositorio/10/58/ESP/14143+4.+1174+esp.pdf
  • Bruce, A. S., Ray, W. J., Bruce, J. M. Arnett, P. A., & Carlson, R. A. (2007) The relationship between executive functioning and dissociation. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29, 626-633.
  • Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, A. G. (1997). Acute stress disorder: a critical review of diagnostic issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 757-773. doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00052-4
  • Cardeña, E., Maldonado, J., Galdón, M. J. y Spiegel, D. (1999). La hipnosis y los trastornos postraumáticos. Anales de Psicología, 15, 147-155. Recuperado de http://www.um.es/analesps/v15/v15_1pdf/13h10carde.pdf
  • Cima, M., Merckelbach, H., Klein, B., Schellbach-Matties, R., & Kremer, K. (2001). Frontal lobe dysfunctions, dissociation, and trauma self-reports in forensic psychiatric patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 188-190. doi: 10.1097/00005053-200103000-00008
  • Cooper L. M., & London, P. (1971). The development of hypnotic susceptibility: A longitudinal (convergence) study. Child Development, 42, 487-503. doi: 10.2307/1127482
  • Crawford, H. J., Knebel, T., Vendemia J. M. C., Horton, J. E. y Lamas, J. R. (1999). La naturaleza de la analgesia hipnótica: Bases y evidencias neurofisiológicas. Anales de Psicología, 15, 133-146. Recuperado de http://www.um.es/analesps/v15/v15_1pdf/12h05Craw.pdf
  • Damsa, C., Lazignac, C., Pirrotta, R., & Andreoli, A. (2006). Dissociative disorders: clinical, neurobiological and therapeutical approaches. Revue Médicale Suisse, 8, 400-405.
  • de Ruiter, M. B., Elzinga, B. M., & Phaf, R. H. (2006). Dissociation: cognitive capacity or dysfunction?. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 7, 115-134. doi 10.1300/J229v07n04_07
  • Deeley, Q., Oakley, D. A., Walsh, E., Bell, V., Mehta, M. A., & Halligan, P. W. (2014). Modelling psychiatric and cultural possession phenomena with suggestion and fMRI. Cortex, 53, 107-119. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.01.004
  • Devillé, C., Moeglin, C., & Sentissi, O. (2014). Dissociative Disorders: Between Neurosis and Psychosis. Case Report in Psychiatry, doi: 10.1155/2014/425892
  • Dienes, Z., Brown, E., Hutton, S., Kirsch, I., Mazzoni, G., & Wright, D. B. (2009) Hypnotic suggestibility, cognitive inhibition, and dissociation. Consciousness and Cognition, 18, 837-847. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2009.07.009
  • Doan, B. D., & Bryson S. E. (1994). Etiological and maintaining factor in multiple personality disorder: a critical review. En R. M. Klein y B. K. Doane (Eds.), Psychological Concepts and Dissociative Disorders (pp. 51-84). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
  • Elvevag, B., & Goldberg, T. E. (2000). Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is the core of the disorder. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, 14, 1-21. doi: 10.1615/CritRevNeurobiol.v14.i1.10
  • Espirito-Santo, H., & Pio-Abreu, J. L. (2009) Psychiatric symptoms and dissociation in conversion, somatization and dissociative disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 270-276. doi: 10.1080/00048670802653307
  • Flor-Henry, P. (1994). Cerebral Aspect of hysteria and Multiple Personality. En R. M. Klein & B. K. Doane (Eds.), Psychological Concepts and Dissociative Disorders (pp. 237-258). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
  • Flor-Henry, P., Fromm-Auch, D., Tapper, M. & Schopflocher, D. (1981). A neuropsychological study of the stable syndrome of hysteria. Biological Psychiatry, 16, 601-616.
  • Flor-Henry, P., Tomer, R., Kumpula, I., Koles, Z. J., & Yeudall, L. T. (1990). Neurophysiological and neuropsychological study of two cases of multiple personality syndrome and comparison with chronic hysteria. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 10, 151-161.
  • Foote, B., Smolin, Y., Kaplan, M., Legatt, M. E., & Lipschitz, D. (2006). Prevalence of dissociative disorders in psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 623-629. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.623
  • García-Campayo, J., Fayed, N., Serrano-Blanco, A., & Roca, M. (2009). Brain dysfunction behind functional symptoms: neuroimaging and somatoform, conversive, and dissociative disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22, 224-231. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283252d43
  • Gentile, J. P., Snyder, M., & Gillig, P. (2014). Stress and Trauma: Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder. Innovation in Clinical Neuroscience, 11, 37-41. Recuperado de http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204471/
  • Giesbrecht, T., & Merckelbach, H. (2005). The causal relation between dissociation and trauma. A critical overview. Der Nervenarzt, 76, 20-27. Recuperado de http://arnop.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=2405
  • Giesbrecht, T., Lynn, S. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Merckelbach, H. (2008). Cognitive processes in dissociation: an analysis of core theoretical assumptions. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 617-647. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.5.617
  • Giesbrecht, T., Merckelbach, H., Geraerts, E., & Smeets, E. (2004). Dissociation in undergraduate students: Disruptions in executive functioning. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 567-569. doi: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000135572.45899.f2
  • González-Ordi, H. y Miguel-Tobal, J. J. (1999). Características de la sugestionabilidad y su relación con otras variables psicológicas. Anales de Psicología, 15, 57-75. Recuperado de http://www.um.es/analesps/v15/v15_1pdf/07h01hect.pdf
  • Gruzelier, J. (1999). La hipnosis desde una perspectiva neurobiológica: Una revisión de la evidencia y aplicaciones a la mejora de la función inmune. Anales de Psicología, 15, 111-132. Recuperado de http://revistas.um.es/analesps/article/view/31191
  • Hagenaars, M. A., van Minnen, A., & Hoogduin, K. A. L. (2010). The impact of dissociation and depression on the efficacy of prolonged exposure treatment for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 19-27. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.09.001
  • Hilgard, E. R. (1977). Divided consciousness: Multiple controls in human thought and action. New York: Wiley.
  • Holland, J. C. (1989). Fears and Abnormal reactions to cancer in physically healthy individuals. En J.C. Holland, & J.H. Rowland (Eds.), Handbook of Psychooncology (pp. 13-21). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Holmes, E. A., Brown, R. J., Mansell, W., Fearon, R. P., Hunter, E. C. M., Frasquilho, F., & Oakley, D. A. (2005). Are there two qualitatively distinct forms of dissociation? A review and some clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 1-23. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.08.006
  • Hunter, E. C., Sierra, M., & David, A. S. (2004). The epidemiology of depersonalisation and derealisation. A systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 9-18.
  • Irpati, A. S., Avasthi, A., & Sharan, P. (2006). Study of stress and vulnerability in patients with somatoform and dissociative disorders in a psychiatric clinic in North India. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 60, 570-574. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01560.x
  • Janet, P. (1889). L’automatisme psychologique. Paris: Felix Alcan.
  • Janet, P. (1907). The mayor symptoms of hysteria. New York: MacMillan.
  • Kihlstrom, J. E., & Hoyt, I. P. (1990). Repression, dissociation, and hypnosis. En J. L. Singer (Ed.), Repression and dissociation (pp. 181-208). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Kihlstrom, J. F., Glisky, M. L., & Angiulo, M. J. (1994). Dissociative tendencies and dissociative disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 117-124. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.117
  • Kirsch, I., & Lynn, S. J. (1998). Dissociation theories of Hypnosis. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 100-115. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.123.1.100
  • Kluft, R. P. (1984).Aspects of treatment of multiple personality disorder. Psychistric Annals, 14, 51-55. doi: 10.3928/0048-5713-19840101-09
  • Kluft, R. P. (1987). An update on multiple personality disorder. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 38, 363-373. doi: 10.1176/ps.38.4.363
  • Kluft, R. P. (1991). Hospital treatment of multiple personality disorder: An Overview. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14, 695-719.
  • Kluft, R. P. (2001). The difficult to treat patient with dissociative disorders. En M. J. Dewan, & R.W. Pies (Eds.), The difficult-to-treat psychiatric patient (pp. 209-242). Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.
  • Kluft, R. P. (2003). Current issues in dissociative identity disorder. Bridging Eastern and Western Psychiatry, 1, 71-87. doi: 10.1097/00131746-199901000-00001
  • Kreidler, M. C., Zupancic, M. K., Bell, C., & Longo, M. B. (2000). Trauma and dissociation: Treatment perspectives. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 36, 77-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6163.2000.tb00697.x
  • Lanius, R. A., Brand, B., Vermetten, E., Frewen, P. A., & Spiegel, D. (2012). The dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder: rationale, clinical and neurobiological evidence, and implications. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 701-708. doi: 10.1002/da.21889
  • Luwdig, A. M. (1990). The Psychobiological functions of dissociation. American Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy, 26, 93-99. doi: 10.1080/00029157.1983.10404149
  • Maia, L. A. C. R., & Costa-Oliveira, J. M. (2010). Bases neurobiológicas del estrés post-traumático. Anales de Psicología, 26, 1-10. doi: 10.6018/91891
  • McHugh, P. R., & Treisman G. (2007). PTSD: a problematic diagnostic category. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 211-222. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.09.003
  • Middleton, W., & Butler, J. (1998). Dissociative identity disorder: An Australian series. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatr, 32, 794-804. doi: 10.3109/00048679809073868
  • Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Vanderlinden, J., & Spinhoven P. (1998). Animal defensive reactions as model for trauma-induced dissociative reactions. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 243-260. doi: 10.1023/A:1024447003022
  • Nijenhuis, E. R., Spinhoven, P., van Dyck, R., van der Hart, O., & Vanderlinden, J. (1998). Degree of somatoform and psychological dissociation in dissociative disorder is correlated with reported trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 711-730. doi: 10.1023/A:1024493332751
  • Orbach, I. (1994). Dissociation, physical pain, and suicide: A hypothesis. Suicide and life-threatening behavior, 24, 68-79. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.1994.tb00664.x
  • Oztürk, E., & Sar., V. (2008). Somatization as a predictor of suicidal ideation in dissociative disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62, 662-668. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01865.x
  • Pope, H. G., Oliva, P. S., Hudson, J. I., Bodkin, J. A., & Bruber, A. J. (1999). Attitudes toward DSM-IV dissociative disorders diagnoses among board-certified American psychiatrists. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 321-323. Recuperado de http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ajp.156.2.321
  • Putnam, F. W. (1986). The scientific investigation of multiple personality disorder. En J. M. Quen (Ed.). Split Mind Split Brain (pp.109-126). New York: New York University Press.
  • Putnam, F. W. (1989). Pierre Janet and modern views of dissociation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 413-429. doi: 10.1007/BF00974599
  • Putnam, F. W. (2009). Take the measure of dissociation. Journal of trauma and dissociation (10), 233-236. doi: 10.1080/15299730902956564
  • Putnam, F. W., & Loewenstein, R. J. (1993). Treatment of multiple personality disorder: a survey of current practices. American Journal of Psychistry, 150 (7), 1048-1052. doi: 10.1176/ajp.150.7.1048
  • Quraishi, S., & Frangou, S. (2002). Neuropsychology of bipolar disorder: A review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 72, 209-226. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00091-5
  • Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1989). The psychology of reading. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Rogers, M. A., Kasai, K., Koji, M., Fukuda, R.,Iwanami, A., Nakagome, K., Fukuda, M., & Kato, N. (2004). Executive and prefrontal dysfunction in unipolar depression: A review of neuropsychological and imaging evidence. Neuroscience Research, 50, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2004.05.003
  • Ross, C. A. (1991) Epidemiology of multiple personality disorder and dissociation. Psychiatric Clinics of North America,14, 503-17.
  • Ross, C. A., Joshi, S., & Currie, R. (1991). Dissociative experiences in the general population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1547-1552.
  • Sharma, T., & Antonova, E. (2003). Cognition in schizophrenia: Deficits, functional consequences, and future treatments. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 26, 25-40.
  • Spiegel, D., & Cardeña, E. (1991). Disintegrated experience: the dissociative disorders revisited. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 366-378. doi: 10.1037//0021-843X.100.3.366
  • Spiegel, D., Lewis-Fernández, R., Lanuis, R., Vermettern, E., Simeon, D., & Friedman, M. (2013). Dissociative disorders in DSM-5. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 299-326. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185531.
  • Spitzer, C., Barnow, S., Freyberger, H. J., & Grabe, H. J. (2006). Recent developments in the theory of dissociation. World Psychiatry, 5, 2-6. Recuperado de http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525127/pdf/wpa050082.pdf
  • Stein, D. J., Koenen, K. C., Friedman, M. J., Hill, E., McLaughlin, K. A., Petukhova, M., ... Kessler, R. C. (2013). Dissociation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence from the World Mental Health Surveys. Biological Psychiatry, 73(4), 302-312. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.022
  • Stolovy, T., Lev-Wiesel, R., & Witztum, E. (2014). Dissociation: Adjustment or Distress? Dissociative Phenomena, Absorption and Quality of Life Among Israeli Women Who Practice Channeling Compared to Women with Similar Traumatic History. Journal of Religion and Health, 27. doi: 10.1007/s10943-014-9885-4
  • Twamley, E. W., Allard, C. B., Thorp, S. R., Norman, S. B., Cissell, S. H., Berardi, K. H., Grimes, E. M., & Stein, M . B. (2009). Cognitive impairment and functioning in PTSD related to intimate partner violence. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 879-887. doi: 10.1017/S135561770999049X
  • Weniger, G., Lange, C., Sachsse, U., & Irle E. (2008). Amygdala and hippocampal volumes and cognition in adult survivors of childhood abuse with dissociative disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118, 281-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01246.x
  • Zlotnick, C., Mattia, J. I., & Zimmerman, M. (1999). Clinical correlates of self-mutilation in a sample of general psychiatric patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 296-301. doi: 10.1097/00005053-199905000-00005