Aplicación del análisis multicriterio en la evaluación de impactos ambientales

Résumé

The main purpose of this thesis dissertation is to weigh up the viability of the application of multicriteria analysis and fuzzy logic in the environmental impact assessment as a tool for decision make. It begins with a revision of the historical and legal evolution of environmental impact assessment and makes a revision to European situation of the incorporation of related Directives to the legislation of member states; and the way that Communitarian Environmental Programmes have influenced the internal environmental policies, with an especial emphasis to the case of Spain and, particularly, Catalonia. A brief analysis of the situation of American countries is also presented. The methodologies for environmental impact assessment cover a section of this dissertation, with the objective of illustrating the general state-of-the-science of most used methods that, furthermore, are the origin for the proposed methodology in this work with the incorporation of fuzzy techniques. A remarkable attention is focused in the valuation of the environment, the main ideological, proceedings and methodological barriers existing for the selection, weighting and integration of the assessment criteria selected; and the uneven quality of the available information. This assessment takes place through a considerable variety of techniques and methods that have in common the fact that they are based in both objective and subjective factors hardly separable, and that require the aid from a mathematical technique which reconciles the qualitative and the quantitative. The application of multicriteria analysis and fuzzy logic to the environmental impact assessment actualises and improves the use of classical and accepted methods, with the advantage that it allows to manage simultaneously the qualitative and quantitative information without the problems of aggregation that are present in the crisp (conventional) system; since the semantic model on which that is based is supplied by the theory of fuzzy set, which has shown a better approximation to reality in other subjects when admitting that nature has nuances and decisions are taken in function of a wide range of possibilities and criteria that are often contradictory or in conflict, all of them equally valid.