Síntomas de psicopatología e inflexibilidad psicológica en atletas recreacionales

  1. Moreno-Domínguez, Raquel 1
  2. Bernal-López, Miriam 1
  3. Carrasco-Rodríguez, Yojanan 1
  4. Arbinaga, Félix 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Huelva
    info

    Universidad de Huelva

    Huelva, España

    ROR https://ror.org/03a1kt624

Journal:
Revista de Psicología Aplicada al Deporte y al Ejercicio Físico

ISSN: 2530-3910

Year of publication: 2023

Volume: 8

Issue: 1

Type: Article

DOI: 10.5093/RPADEF2023A7 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: Revista de Psicología Aplicada al Deporte y al Ejercicio Físico

Abstract

Psychological inflexibility is defined as the possibility of being in contact with private events occurring in the present, as much as possible as conscious human beings, while choosing to quit or persist in an action that involves discomfort. The aim of this research was to study the relationship between psychopathological symptomatology as a function of psychological inflexibility in non-professional athletes. Symptom Checklist-90-R was used to assess psychopathological symptomatology and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire was used to assess psychological inflexibility. A sample of 202 non-professional athletes was taken, 111 of whom were women, representing 55%. Mean age was 31.32 years (SD = 11.44); 84% were involved in individual physical exercise or sport. The results show that participants with higher psychological inflexibility obtained higher scores in psychopathological symptomatology. It does not show, however, that those who participate in competitions obtain higher scores in psychopathology; on the contrary, those who do not participate have higher scores on the phobic anxiety scale. The presence of a coach was shown to be a protective factor in the paranoid ideation, psychoticism, interpersonal sensitivity and global severity index scales, but not in the rest of the subscales. Lastly, women showed greater psychological inflexibility, but no greater presence of psychopathological symptoms, except in interpersonal sensitivity and phobic anxiety. Men, on the other hand, did so in depressive symptoms. The importance of psychological inflexibility in the mental health of those who practice sport is that it is a treatable construct and, therefore, can be modified.

Bibliographic References

  • Aguirre-Loaiza, H., Reyes, S., Ramos-Bermúdez, S., Bedoya, D.A. y Franco, A.M., (2017). Relación entre imagen corporal, dimensiones corporales y ejercicio físico en usuarios de gimnasios. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 12(1),149-156.
  • Arbinaga, F. (2005). Social Physical Anxiety in males who begin muscular training: An exploratory study. Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento, 13(1),51-60.
  • Arbinaga, F. y Cantón, E. (2013). Psicología del deporte y la salud: una relación compleja. Editorial EOS.
  • Batrakoulis, A., Jamurtas, A. Z., Metsios, G., S. Perivoliotis, K., Liguori, G., Feito, Y., Riebe, D., Thompson, W. R., Angelopoulos, T. J., Krustrup, P., Magni Mohr, M., Draganidis, D., Poulios A. y Fatouros I. G. (2022). Comparative Efficacy of 5 Exercise Types on Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of 81 Randomized Controlled Trials. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 15(6), Artículo e008243. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.121.008243
  • Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Orcutt, H. K., Waltz, T. y Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007
  • Brawn, P., Combes, H. y Ellis, N. (2015). Football narratives: Recovery and mental health. Journal of New Writing in Health and Social Care, 2(1), 30-46.
  • Cantón, E. y Checa-Esquiva, I. (2012). Los estados emocionales y su relación con las atribuciones y las expectativas de autoeficacia en el deporte. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 21(1), 171-176.
  • Caracuel, J. C., Arbinaga, F. y Montero, J. A. (2003). Perfil socio-deportivo de dos tipos de usuarios de gimnasio: un estudio piloto. EduPsykhé: Revista de Psicología y Psicopedagogía, 2(2), 273-308.
  • Cassar, G. E., Knowles, S., Youssef, G. J., Moulding, R., Uiterwijk, D. y Waters L. (2018). Austin DW. Examining the mediational role of psychological flexibility, pain catastrophizing, and visceral sensitivity in the relationship between psychological distress, irritable bowel symptom frequency, and quality of life. Psychology, Health and Medicine. 23(10), 1168-1181. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2018.1476722
  • Chen, L. H., Wu, C. H. y Chang, J. H. (2017). Gratitude and athletes’ life satisfaction: The moderating role of mindfulness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(4), 1147-1159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9764-7
  • Clement, D., Arvinen-Barrow, M. y Fetty, T. (2015). Psychosocial responses during different phases of sport-injury rehabilitation: A qualitative study. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(1), 95-104. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.52
  • Connaughton, D., Wadey, R., Hanton, S. y Jones, G. (2008). The development and maintenance of mental toughness: perceptions of elite performers. Journal of Sports Science, 26(1), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701310958
  • Derogatis, L. R. (1977). SCL-90-R: Administration, Scoring & Procedures. Manual II. Clinical Psychometric Research.
  • Derogatis, L. R. (1994). SCL-90-R. Symptom Checklist-90-R. Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual. National Computer System.
  • Derogatis, L. R. y Savitz, K. L. (2000) The SCL-90-R and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in Primary Care. In: M. E. Maruish (Ed.), Handbook of Psychological Assessment in Primary Care Settings, (Vol. 236). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, 297-334.
  • Englert, C. y Bertrams, A. (2012). Anxiety, ego depletion, and sports performance. Journal Sports Exercise Psychology, 34(5), 580-599. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.5.580
  • Ferreira, N. B., Eugenicos, M., Morris, P. G. y Gillanders, D. (2013). Using acceptance and commitment therapy in irritable bowel síndrome. Gastrointestinal Nursing, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.12968/gasn.2011.9.9.28
  • González de Rivera, J. L., Derogatis, L. R., de las Cuevas, C., Gracia-Marco, R., Rodríguez-Pulido, F., Henry-Benítez, M. y Monterrey, A. L. (1989). The Spanish version of the SCL-90-R, Normative data in the general population. Clinical Psychometric Research, Towson.
  • Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., Mackinnon, A., Batterham, P. J. y Stanimirovic, R. (2015). The mental health of Australian elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine Sport, 18(3), 255-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.04,006
  • Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35(4), 639-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80013-3
  • Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A. y Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes, and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
  • Hayes, S. C., Villatte, M., Levin, M. y Hildebrant, M. (2011). Open, aware, and active: Contextual approaches as an emerging trend in the behavioral and cognitive therapies. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 141-168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104449
  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D. y Wilson, K. G. (2014). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Process, and practice of mindful change (Mindfulness). Desclée De Brouwer.
  • Hosseini, S. A. y Besharat, M. A. (2010). Relation of resilience whit sport achievement and mental health in a sample of athletes. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 5, 633-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.156
  • Kashdan, T. B. y Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychological Review, 30(7), 467-480. https://doi,org/10,1016/j,cpr,2010,04,006
  • Kegelaers, J., Wylleman, P., Defruyt, S., Praet, L., Satmbulova, N. y Torregrossa, M. (2022). The mental health of student-athletes: a systematic scoping review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34, 1-34 (Head-of-Print), https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2022.2095657
  • Ledochowski, L., Unterrainer, C., Ruedl, G., Schnitzer, M. y Kopp, M. (2012). Quality of life, coach behaviour and competitive anxiety in Winter Youth Olympic Games participants. British Journal of Sports and Medicine, 46(15), 1044-1047. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091539
  • Masuda, A., Anderson, P, L., Wendell, J, W., Chou, Y. Y., Price, M., y Feinstein, A. B., (2011). Psychological flexibility mediates the relations between self-concealment and negative psychological outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 243-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.037
  • Masuda, A., y Tully, E. C. (2011). The role of mindfulness and psychological flexibility in somatization, depression, anxiety, and general psychological distress in a nonclinical college sample. Journal of Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17(1), 66-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587211423400
  • McCracken, L. M. y Gutierrez-Martínez, O. (2011). Processes of change in psychological flexibility in an interdisciplinary group-based treatment for chronic pain based on acceptance and commitment therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(4), 267-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.02.004
  • McCracken, L. M. y Vowles, K. E. (2008). A prospective analysis of acceptance of pain and values-based action in patients with chronic pain. Health Psychology, 27(2), 215-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.2.215
  • Moore, Z. E. (2009). Theoretical and empirical developments of the Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC) approach to performance enhancement. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3(4), 291-302. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.3.4.291
  • Nolen-Hoekseman, S. y Wisco, B.E. (2008). Rethinking rumination, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
  • Pando-Orellana, L. A. y Salazar, B. L. (2012). Invertir en Salud Mental (pp. 168-169). Organización Mundial de la Salud.
  • Priorhttps, E., Papathomas, A. y Rhind, D. (2022). A systematic scoping review of athlete mental health within competitive sport: interventions, recommendations, and policy. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, (Head-of-Print), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2022.2095659
  • Rice, S. M., Purcell, R., De Silva, S., Mawren, D., McGorry, P. D. y Parker, A. G. (2016). The Mental Health of Elite Athletes: A Narrative Systematic. Review Sports Medicine, 46(9), 1333-1353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0492-2
  • Roales-Nieto, J. G., Moreno-San Pedro, E. M., García, R. C., Romero, B. M., López, F. R. J., Luciano, A. G., Arranz, A. S., Lao, I. R. F., Gámez, G. G. y Hernández-López, M. (2016). . Flexibilidad psicológica y autoabandono del tabaco. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 16(2), 111-130.
  • Ruiz, F. J. (2010). A review of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) empirical evidence: correlational, experimental psychopathology, component, and outcome studies. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 10(1), 125-162.
  • Ruiz, F. J., Langer, A., Luciano, C., Cangas, A. J. y Beltrán, I. (2013)., Measuring experiential avoidance and psychological inflexibility: the Spanish version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II. Psicothema, 25(1), 123-129.
  • Schaal, K., Tafflet, M., Nassif, H., Thibault, V., Pichard, C., Alcotte, M., Guillet, T., El Helou, N., Berthelot, G., Simon, S. y Toussaint, J. F. (2011). Psychological Balance in High Level Athletes: Gender-Based Differences and Sport-Specific Patterns, PLoS ONE, 6(5), Artículo e19007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019007
  • Soler, A. D., Farré-Martí, J. M., Farré-Sender, B. y Blanco, J. D. (2020). Evolución de las lesiones deportivas y correlación con el estilo de afrontamiento. Psicosomática y Psiquiatría, (14), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.34810/PsicosomPsiquiatrnum1403
  • Stenling, A., Hassmén, P. y Holmström, S. (2014). Implicit beliefs of ability, approachavoidance goals and cognitive anxiety among team sport athletes. European Journal Sport Science, 14(7), 720-729. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.901419
  • Tatangelo, G. L., McCabe, M. P. y Ricciardelli, L. A. (2015). Body Image. International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 735-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.14062-0
  • Teixeira, C. M., Nunes, F., Ribeiro, F., Arbinaga, F. y Vasconcelos-Raposo. J. (2016). Physical activity, self-esteem and depression in older adults. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 16(3), 53-64.
  • Torruella, B. L. (2016). Efecto de un programa de meditación trascendental sobre el estrés, la flexibilidad psicológica y la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca [Tesis doctoral], Universitat Autônoma de Barcelona.
  • Trompetter, H. R., Bohlmeijer, E. T., Fox, J. P. y Schreurs K. M. G. (2015). Psychological flexibility and catastrophizing as associated change mechanisms during online Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for chronic pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 74, 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.09.001
  • Venta, A., Sharp, C. y Hart, J. (2012). The relation between anxiety disorder and experiential avoidance in inpatient adolescents. Psychological Assessments, 24(1), 240-248. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025362
  • Vowles, K. E. y McCracken, L. M. (2008). Acceptance and values-based action in chronic pain: a study of treatment effectiveness and process. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(3), 397-407. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.3.397
  • Weinstein, A., Maayan, G. y Weinstein, Y. (2015). A study on the relationship between compulsive exercise, depression and anxiety. Journal Behavior Addictions, 4(4), 315-318. https:// doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095756
  • Wolanin, A., Hong, E., Marks, D., Panchoo, K. y Gross, M. (2016). Prevalence of clinically elevated depressive symptoms in college athletes and differences by gender and sport. British Journal Sports Medicine, 50(3), 167-171. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095756
  • Yang, J., Schaefer, J. T., Zhang, N., Covassin, T., Ding, K. y Heiden, E. (2014). Social support from the athletic trainer and symptoms of depression and anxiety at return to play. Journal of Athletic Training, 49(6), 773-779. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.65
  • Zhang, C. Q., Chung, P. K., Si, G. y Liu, J. D. (2014). Psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire-II for Chinese college students and elite Chinese athletes. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(4), 256-270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175614538064
Data source: Dialnet