El proceso de formación deportiva de atletas paralímpicas españolas

Abstract

NTRODUCTION AND JUSTIFICATION The athlete's training process has been an important line of research for years in the field of sports training. This process has been studied by professionals in the area with the intention of determining the keys to sporting success, and thus being able to train in the right direction in a scientific and contrasted way. Although we can observe that there is a great deal of research carried out with Olympic athletes, the studies carried out on Paralympic sports training processes are still too few. Within this field, the specific study of women is almost nonexistent, so this research is proposed with the intention of being able to improve in a particular way the whole training process of this group and, secondly, as a matter of justice and social commitment, and to be able to contribute to further progress in gender equality and social inclusion. The most important objectives of this project will be: to analyse the evolution in participation and results of Spanish sportswomen who have participated in the Paralympic Games during the 21st century, to analyse the sporting itineraries of these sportswomen, and to collaborate to a greater extent in the visibility of the practice developed by disabled sportswomen. This is an ex post facto study (Bisquerra, 2000), descriptive and interpretative (Martínez and González, 2004), cross-sectional (León and Montero, 2015) and qualitative (Hernández, Fernández and Baptista, 2004). The type of sampling proposed in this work is non-probabilistic and intentional, with 27 Spanish women Paralympic medallists during the current 21st century having been selected for the study. The results obtained will serve to make the sporting practice of this doubly discriminated group (by gender and disability) much more visible and valued, to make recommendations of interest to improve the training process, and to make proposals for the improvement of Spanish women's Paralympic sport. OBJECTIVES General Objective 1. To analyse the participation and results of Spain in the different Paralympic Games held in the 21st century. Specific Objectives 1.1. To specifically analyse the participation and results of Spanish sportswomen in the different Paralympic Games held in the 21st century. Specific Objective 1.2. To specifically analyse the participation and results of Andalusian sportswomen in the Paralympic Games held in the 21st century. General Objective 2. To analyse the sporting itineraries followed by Spanish Paralympic sportswomen, describing both the possible barriers they encounter and the factors that facilitate success. To analyse the most important sport training variables (technical, tactical, physical, contextual and psychological) and their influence on the training process of Paralympic sportswomen. Specific Objective 2.2. To analyse the possible differences that may exist in this training process depending on the gender, sport modality and disability of the Paralympics athletes. General Objective 3. To collaborate, through the dissemination of the results of this research, in the process of raising the visibility of the practice carried out by Paralympic sportswomen and, in this way, to continue to make progress in gender equality and social inclusion. Specific Objective 3.1 To describe methodological and training guidelines that make it possible for Paralympic sportswomen in our country to work in a more rigorous and higher quality manner. Specific Objective 3.2. To make proposals for the improvement of Spanish women's Paralympic sport. METHODOLOGY Design Ex post facto study (Bisquerra, 2000), descriptive and interpretative (Martínez and González, 2004), cross-sectional (León and Montero, 2015) and qualitative (Hernández, Fernández and Baptista, 2004): - Ex post facto study by investigating a process that has already occurred. - Descriptive and interpretative in nature as there is no intervention on the subjects participating in the research. - Cross-sectional, as it describes the current situation of the participating subjects. - Qualitative, by using almost exclusively a qualitative instrument such as the semi-structured interview to study the selected cases. Participants (population and sample) The type of sampling proposed in this research work is non-probabilistic and intentional. Participants Phase 1. Firstly, in order to describe the participation and results of the Spanish Women's Paralympic Delegation, the population under study will be composed of all those Paralympic sportswomen who have participated in a Games during the 21st century (Sydney-2000, Athens-2004, Beijing-2008, London-2012 and Rio de Janeiro-2016). Participants Phase 2. In order to study the training process, the best sportswomen participating in the 21st century Paralympic Games will be interviewed. For this purpose, an in-depth interview will be carried out with the 28 female medallists (n=28). Instruments Instruments to be used in Phase 1. Quantitative record sheet where the following variables will be included in order to carry out a more in-depth analysis and to be able to describe the female participation in the PPJ: name, age, gender, province, functional diversity, years with her, sport modality, participation in PPJ and results obtained. Instruments to be used in Phase 2. For the study and description of the sporting itineraries, and to highlight the key factors in the training process of Paralympic athletes, we will use a semi-structured interview validated for this type of work (Robles, Robles, Giménez & Abad, 2016), which can be consulted in the annexes. Specifically, this interview has already been used to study the sport itineraries of Spanish Olympic judokas (Robles, Abad, Robles & Giménez, in press). Procedure In the database of the Spanish Paralympic Committee we will obtain the data related to the Spanish female participation in the different games to be analysed. From this initial data, the search will focus on the results obtained in each of the Paralympic Games, highlighting age, gender, the medals obtained, the sport modality, the athlete who obtained them, and the coach responsible. Once the data of the population and the sample under study have been obtained, personal contacts will be made (directly or through the corresponding Sports Federation) to inform and request their participation in the study, and to be able to carry out the interviews. We believe it is very important that these interviews are carried out in person in order to facilitate communication, participation and, in short, to obtain better quality information. Data analysis As this is a qualitative research project (except for the first part in which we recorded the data on the participation and results of the women in the PPJs analysed), the interviews that will be carried out with the sportswomen will have to be transcribed verbatim, coded and analysed by the research group itself. In order to carry out this analysis, a scheme similar to that of a traditional empirical work will be followed, describing exhaustively the process followed for data collection, the coding system used, the specific description of the participants, and the use of the appropriate statistical techniques for this type of data (for example, inter-rater reliability coefficients and techniques based on chi-square for qualitative data). For the analysis of the results of these data we will use the specialised qualitative research software MAXQDA 10.